Fetch JSON over HTTP with retries

import time

import requests

HEADERS = {"User-Agent": "bits-demo/1.0", "Accept": "application/json"}
RETRY_STATUS = {429, 500, 502, 503, 504}


def get_json(url: str, attempts: int = 3, timeout: float = 5.0) -> dict:
    """GET a JSON document, retrying transient failures with backoff."""
    last_error: Exception | None = None
    for attempt in range(1, attempts + 1):
        try:
            response = requests.get(url, headers=HEADERS, timeout=timeout)
            if response.status_code in RETRY_STATUS:
                raise requests.HTTPError(f"retryable status {response.status_code}")
            response.raise_for_status()
            return response.json()
        except (requests.RequestException, ValueError) as exc:
            last_error = exc
            if attempt < attempts:
                time.sleep(0.5 * 2 ** (attempt - 1))  # 0.5s, 1s, 2s
    raise RuntimeError(f"GET {url} failed after {attempts} attempts: {last_error}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        print(sorted(get_json("https://httpbin.org/json")))
    except RuntimeError as exc:
        print(exc)